Considering the adverse effects of storage insect pests and their resistance to chemical insecticides, identifying safe, cost-effective, and durable methods to control and reduce storage pest-induced damage appears essential. Utilizing diatomaceous earth is one alternative to chemical pesticides for controlling stored-product insect pests. This study evaluated the insecticidal activity of diatomaceous earth at a concentration of 0.2 mg/cm2 against two stored-products insect pests, Rhyzopertha dominica F. and Tribolium confusum Jacqulin Duval, on concrete, mosaic, and galvanized steel Surfaces. To this end, the Surfaces were treated with different diatomaceous earth formulations, including a commercial formulation, SilicoSec®, an Iranian formulation, Dryasil, Dryasil + 0.05% Mentha longifolia L. extract, and talcum powder + 0.05% M. longifolia extract. Mortality was measured 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment. The experiment was conducted at 27 ± 1 °C, 60 ± 5% relative humidity, and dark conditions. The experiments were performed in nine replications (10 adults in each replication). The mortality percentage of R. dominica 7 days after treatment with Silicosec®, Dryasil alone, Dryasil + 0.05% M. longifolia extract, and talcum powder + 0.05% M. longifolia extract on galvanized steel were 43.33, 54.44, 33.33, and 25.55%, respectively. The results indicated that the mortality percentage of T. confusum on galvanized steel was 35.55, 45.55, 26.66, and 23.33%, respectively. The mortality of T. confusum was lower than that of R. dominica adults. Results indicated that the insecticidal effect of diatomaceous earth increased over time. Diatomaceous earth alone had a more significant insecticidal effect than combining them with M. longifolia extract. The highest percentage of mortality in all treatments was found on the galvanized steel, mosaic, followed by concrete Surfaces, respectively. Therefore, Dryasil formulation can be used to control stored-products pests in grain silos, although its insecticidal efficacy varies based on Surface Type

In this paper, a quarter car active suspension system with a hydraulic actuator, has been controlled by Sliding mode coupled with an adaptive approach. To deal with all kinds of uncertainty arising from the effect of external perturbation or the any nonlinear behavior system, Sliding mode control has been used. In the proposed method the Sliding Surface, by using an optimal strategy to minimize the optimal cost function is derived, so the result is a logarithmic Sliding Surface. Adaptive algorithms proposed in this paper because of the nonlinear variability by time and not bounded uncertainty in the system. While the effects of parameter uncertainties and external disturbances to system performance have been dramatically reduced, the stability of control system proves based on the Lyapanof theory. The proposed control method has been done on a quarter car active suspension system with a hydraulic actuator. Simulation results of the proposed method show that the activation of suspension system by the proposed method increases its performance compare with the passive suspension system.

Induction motors with nonlinear dynamics are superior in terms of size, weight, motor inertia, maximum speed, efficiency, and cost than direct current machines, and hence their control is of great important. The main objective of this paper is to design a fuzzy Sliding mode controller in order to control the position of the induction motor including parametric and non-parametric uncertainties by considering the stability issue. In fact, in this method, in order to increase the performance of the control system and to improve the tracking performance, a moving Sliding Surface is considered, in which it is adapted in accordance with the variations of the Sliding Surface. As a result, during the reaching phase, the system is not sensitive to parameter variations and external disturbances. Simulation results show that the proposed control method has good performance in the face of parametric and non-parametric uncertainties.

In this paper, an intelligent integral terminal Sliding mode control method with a new Sliding Surface is proposed based on adaptive neural-fuzzy inference. First, a terminal Sliding mode controllerusing a novel Sliding Surface is designed based on Lyapunov’s stability theoremfor controlling a class of chaotic systems in presence of uncertainty and disturbance. The proposed Sliding Surface is a combination of the conventional terminal Sliding Surface andintegral of a nonlinear function of the states of the system. The purpose of choosing this Surface includes achieving appropriate response speed, removing chattering and robustness against external disturbance. Then, we assume that a nonlinear part of the system is unknown and only input-output data is available. Therefore, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system is used to approximatethe unknown part of the system dynamics. Finally, in order to enhance the performance of the proposed method, the honey bee algorithm is utilizd for selecting the coefficients of integral terminal Sliding mode controller. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the controller due to the improved speed, removed chattering, appropriate transient response and satisfactoryperformance in the presence of uncertainties in the system model.

In lubrication theories, the bearing Surfaces are considered smooth, which is not really true. It has been shown in cases where the roughness is in the same order as the lubricant film that there would be a major effect in bearing performance. The Surface geometry is so irregular that it is sometimes necessary to use statistical models. Usually, when we are faced with roughness effects, the analytical solution is very difficult. In this paper, finite element method is used to examine the roughness effects on the performance parameters of step slider bearings. The problem was solved for two different Surface profiles and the results were compared showing relatively close agreements.

Surface-piercing propellers (SPP) are known as one of the most efficient propellers in marine sciences and maritime industries. In this study, different Types of simulations were performed on an SPP in various rotational speeds in open water conditions, and a numerical study was also carried out on a particular Type of such propellers. In fact the main purpose of this paper is comparing the simulation results with the experimental results from past in order to derive a trustable soultion for future works. For this purpose, the Surface-piercing propeller was simulated by OpenFoam software (an open source software with high range of capabilities)  in order to analyze the results. The performance curve was then plotted and compared with the ones from open water tests. In this case the turbulance model of K-Epsilon RNG was used which is capable of increasing Y+ to 300 which is monitored at the end of the simulation with the maximum amount of 315 and the average of 80.  Results showed that the curves followed the same pattern and trends in the numerical study, and the report pointed to similar findings. In conclusion, it was proved that the Sliding mesh method was a proper way for simulating propellers, particularly SPPs. The curves for thrust and torque coefficients of the SPP were also compared with the literature and the efficiency curve was plotted.

In this study, Astsloy85Mo powder metallurgy steel specimens were Surface melted using Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) process. The effects of different parameters of the process on the microstructure, hardness, and wear resistance of the melted Surfaces were studied using optical and scanning electron microscope equipped with EDS, Vickers hardness unit and pin on flat wear test machine. Surface melting resulted in structural refinement and the hardness of the melted layers reached to the values of up to 800 HV10, more than five times of that of the base PM steel which was about 150 HV10. Moreover, Surface melting reduced the wear rate to 100 times lower than that of the base steel. It can be concluded that TIG can be used effectively for Surface melting to improve the wear resistance of the Astaloy 85Mo powder metallurgy steel Surface.

This article investigates the problem of simultaneous attitude and vibration control of a flexible spacecraft to perform high precision attitude maneuvers and reduce vibrations caused by the flexible panel excitations in the presence of external disturbances, system uncertainties, and actuator faults. Adaptive integral Sliding mode control is used in conjunction with an attitude actuator fault iterative learning observer (based on Sliding mode) to develop an active fault tolerant algorithm considering rigid-flexible body dynamic interactions. The discontinuous structure of fault-tolerant control led to discontinuous commands in the control signal, resulting in chattering. This issue was resolved by introducing an adaptive rule for the Sliding Surface. Furthermore, the utilization of the sign function in the iterative learning observer for estimating actuator faults has not only enhanced its robustness to external disturbances through a straightforward design, but has also led to a decrease in computing workload. The strain rate feedback control algorithm has been employed with the use of piezoelectric sensor/actuator patches to minimize residual vibrations caused by rigid-flexible body dynamic interactions and the effect of attitude actuator faults. Lyapunov's law ensures finite-time overall system stability even with fully coupled rigid-flexible nonlinear dynamics. Numerical simulations demonstrate the performance and advantages of the proposed system compared to other conventional approaches.

This paper reports the wear behavior of Cu, high Cu-Sn alloy, high Cu-Pb alloy and high Cu-Sn-Pb alloy under dry Sliding at ambient conditions. These four materials were chosen for the wear resistance characterization of SnPb-solder affected old/scraped copper (high Cu-Sn-Pb alloy) to explore its reusing potentials. Wear tests were conducted using a pin-on-disk tribometer with the applied load of 20N for the Sliding distance up to 2772 m at the Sliding speed of 0.513 ms-1. The applied load was also changed to observe its effect. The investigation reveals that the presence of a little amount of Sn increased the hardness and improved the wear resistance of Cu, while a similar amount of Pb in Cu reduced the hardness but improved the wear resistance. The general perception of ‘the harder the wear resistant’ was found to match partially with the results of Cu, Cu-Sn alloy and Cu-Sn-Pb alloy. Coefficient of friction (COF) values revealed non-linearly gradual increasing trends at the initial stage and after a certain Sliding distance COF values of all four sample materials became almost steady. SnPb-solder affected Cu demonstrated its COF to be in between that of Cu-Pb alloy and Cu-Sn alloy with the maximum COF value of 0.533.

Paratuberculosis caused byMycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is a progressive, chronic and noncurable granulomatous enteritis. Paratuberculosis affects ruminants worldwide. The earliest reports on paratuberculosis in Iran date back to 1960’s when the disease was diagnosed in imported animals of the Abadan Oil Company’s farm. In the work presented here 13 field MAP isolates including 4 ovine and 3 caprine isolates from Isfahan, 6 bovine isolates from Zanjan and Alborz provinces plus 2 vaccinal strains of 316F and III & V were subjected to PCR-IS900, PCR-F57 for identification and also PCR-Collins for typing. In consequence, while an identical PCR protocol was successfully developed to simultaneously perform all the three experiments, the 15 tested bacteria were all shown to be MAP Type II (cattle Type). In epidemiological sense, when the size of national goat, sheep and cattle herds of Iran is taken into account, circulation of MAP Type II is intriguing.